Designating a greenbelt around the city of Riga, Latvia

Latvian legislation demands that forest protection belts are established around all cities and towns. The main goal of a protection belt is to provide suitable opportunities for recreation to urban dwellers and to minimise any negative impacts caused by urban areas on the surrounding environment. Legislation states the main principles to be adopted, which include the maximum area of protection belts, their integration in territorial development plans and restrictions placed on forest management activities. The largest part of the forest area around Riga is owned by the municipality of Riga, which, as a result, has two competing interests: to satisfy the recreational needs of the inhabitants of Riga, and to maximise the income from its property. In order to compile sufficient background information to solve this problem, the Board of Forests of Riga Municipality initiated the preparation of a proposal for the designation of a new protection belt.The proposal was based on the development and application of a theoretical framework developed during the 1980s. The analysis of the recreational value of the forest (5 classes of attractiveness) was carried out based on categories of forest type, dominant tree species, dominant age, stand density, distance from urban areas and the presence of attractive objects. Information was derived from forest inventory databases, digital forest maps and topographic maps. Additional information was digitised and processed using ArcView GIS 3.2. Local foresters were asked about the recreation factors unique to different locations, such as the number of visitors and the main recreation activities. From a recreational point of view and taking into account legal restrictions and development plans for the Riga region, it was proposed to create three types of zones in the forest: a protection belt, visually sensitive areas and non-restricted areas.     

Characteristics for Practical Use of Attenuated Isolate UA-Fukushima of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tomato mosaic virus</Emphasis>

L₁₁A-Fukushima (L₁₁A-F) derived from attenuated isolate LuA of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) has the highest ability to cross protect against virulent ToMV among LuA and its derivatives and is stably inherited. Growth, yield, fruit quality and symptom attenuation of inoculated tomato plants did not differ significantly between L₁₁A-F and L₁₁A. The infectivity of progeny viruses in tomato infected with LuA-F was less than 4% of that with virulent ToMV. From these results, L₁₁A-F appears to possess the properties necessary for practical use. To manage L₁₁A-F strictly, a PCR-based assay to detect trace contamination of virulent ToMV in L₁₁A-F preparations was established. Received 10 June 2002/ Accepted in revised form 30 October 2002     

Integrated Pest Management in Cocoa Agroforests in Southern Cameroon: Constraints and Overview

Imports of pesticides have long been subsidised for use in the cocoa agroforests of the humid forest zone of southern Cameroon. With the liberalisation of the cocoa and pesticides sectors and the devaluation of the local currency (CFA franc), farmers are facing fluctuations in the price paid for cocoa and the high cost of farm inputs. Without the support of the extension services, they themselves have developed traditional integrated control methods based on the use of plant extracts mixed with conventional pesticides. From a survey of 300 cocoa farmers, the study assesses the farmers' command of these methods, the pests controlled, the problems encountered and the institutional constraints in the definition and dissemination of integrated control methods. The study concludes with recommendations for research and development towards the better definition and dissemination of integrated control methods. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

以固氮树种发展食用菌专用林的建议

许多固氮树种速生丰产，萌生能力强，叶片，木屑含氮率较高，可为食用菌栽培提供理想原料，而且固氮树种在绿花荒山，保持水土，提高地力方面作用显著，以固氮树种发展短轮伐期食用菌专用林，具有较高的经济效益和生态效益，本文介绍了银合欢，黑荆，大叶相思，银荆，桤木，南洋楹和马占相思等在食用菌栽培上的应用概况，各地可因地制宜栽培合适的固氮树种作为食用菌专用林。     

新疆淡水藻类研究：乌鲁木齐南山八一林场绿藻初报

本文首镒报道乌鲁木齐南山八一林场山区的绿藻１１属，１２种，其中１０属，１０种为新疆新记录。这些结果是对１９９１年７月采集的２０号标本经鉴定后获得的。     

晋西昕水河流域生态经济型防护林体系景观格局动态分析

本文以晋西昕水河流域为典型实例，概述了流域生态经济型防护林体系建设背景。依据流域内各类型区在不同时段的土地利用结构和生态经济特征，进行流域生态经济型防护林体系景观格局变化分析，表明了流域内景观多样性和异质性不断增加的发展趋势，以及确定各区主要发展方向，实行综合开发与治理的必要性，并提出了相应的流域生态经济型防护林体系动态调控途径。     

基于GIS的祁连山森林景观格局分析

在地理信息系统软件ArcGIS环境下 ,将祁连山区DEM图和坡向图分别同植被图叠加 ,分析研究区各景观组分在空间的分布特征 ;用定量分析景观结构和景观格局程序Fragstats计算景观和各景观组分的相关指数 ,分析其连通性、完整性、破碎化程度及聚集程度。结果表明 :研究区各景观组分分布受海拔高度和坡向的影响非常明显。各景观组分的完整性、连通性和破碎化程度也很不均衡。草地是研究区面积最大、连通性和完整性最好的景观组分 ;青海云杉林呈斑块状或带状分布在阴坡和半阴坡 ,形状最为不规则 ,平均斑块面积小且距离近 ,易受干扰而发生重大变化 ;宜林地和祁连圆柏林相对于农田、疏林地有较强的扩张特征 ;而杨类阔叶林各斑块间相隔距离大 ,斑块之间的邻接性差 ,破碎化程度最为严重。     

ANN在森林资源预测中的应用研究

人工神经网络(ANN)方法是基于实例的方法,不需要考虑数学模型的内部结构,不需要假设前提条件,不需要人为地确定因子权重,作为一个黑箱综合地映射研究对象的整体性。应用人工神经网络多步预测方法对甘肃连城林场吐鲁沟营林区有林地面积进行预测,网络模型的最大相对误差为0 080 8％,最小相对误差达到0 0089％,平均为0.038 6％,表明预测值与实际值吻合程度很好,因此模型的精度较高,并且建模简单经预测,林场2000-2004年有林地面积稍有下降趋势,分别为2 873.2 hm2,2 618 7 hm2,2 484.5 hm2,2 346 hm2,2 171 6hm2。     

我国近年来水稻重大病虫害可持续控制技术重要研究进展——非化学控害技术研究

针对水稻病虫害防治中长期存在控害保产与生产无公害稻米矛盾比较突出的问题,研究提出了几种效果显著的非化学控害增产技术。其中,利用水稻遗传背景、对病虫抗感水平等差异显著的水稻品种多样性种植,控制稻瘟病的效果达42.12％～76.68％,抑制白背飞虱若虫数量增长效果明显,增产糯稻或优质稻600～1050 kg／hm²,平均增收约1 500元／hm²;稻鱼共育控制稻飞虱的效果为63.77％～86.89％,对纹枯病病株抑制率70.52％,控制稻田杂草效果为89.57％,平收获鲜鱼319.5～1 177.5 kg／hm²,水稻产量比对照区增产7.05％～10.11％;稻鸭共育控制稻飞虱效果63.73％～77.18％,控制稻螟效果30.11％,控制纹枯病效果19.33％～67.03％,对稻田杂草控制效果91.96％,减少施肥30.6％、农药59.3％,减少投入1 987.05元／hm²。     

专家系统在植保上的应用

专家系统在植保上主要应用于病虫害诊断、预测预报、决策管理等领域。植保专家的特点是应用范围广、实用性增强、新技术和新方法不断应用、有向综合性系统发展的趋势。文中还对植保专家系统存在的问题和发展对策进行了讨论。